What is systemic lupus erythematosus?
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues and organs, causing inflammation and damage. The disease can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart and nervous system. SLE is a multisystem disease, meaning that it can affect many organs and systems simultaneously, and thus its symptoms are varied and variable.
The aetiology of SLE is not fully understood, but genetic, hormonal and environmental factors are thought to influence its development. Women are significantly more likely to develop the disease than men, suggesting that sex hormones may play an important role in its pathogenesis. In addition, environmental factors such as UV exposure, viral infections and stress can also trigger or exacerbate the symptoms of the disease.
The diagnosis of SLE can be difficult due to the variety of symptoms that can mimic other diseases. Clinical practice uses a combination of laboratory tests, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) tests, as well as assessment of the patient's clinical symptoms.
The most common symptoms of SLE
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by a wide spectrum of symptoms, which can vary from person to person and in severity. One of the most recognisable symptoms is the characteristic butterfly-shaped erythema that appears on the face, involving the cheeks and the back of the nose. This symptom is often the first sign that prompts patients to seek medical attention.
Fatigue is another common symptom of SLE, which can be so severe that it affects patients' daily functioning. People with SLE often complain of chronic fatigue that does not go away despite rest. Joint pain and swelling are also typical of the disease. SLE can lead to arthritis, which manifests as pain, stiffness and difficulty moving, especially in the morning.
Other symptoms of SLE may include skin lesions that are not limited to the face. There may be rashes and patches on other parts of the body, especially after sun exposure. The disease can also affect the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis, which can cause swelling, high blood pressure and protein in the urine. In addition, SLE can affect the nervous system, causing headaches, dizziness, seizures and memory problems. Patients may also experience chest pain due to inflammation of the serous membranes. These symptoms can flare up and down, which is characteristic of disease flares and remissions.
Available therapies and treatments
The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex and tailored to the individual patient, depending on the severity of symptoms and the organs involved. The main goals of therapy are to reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, prevent organ damage and improve patients' quality of life.
The mainstay of SLE treatment is anti-inflammatory medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used to relieve joint pain and swelling. For more severe symptoms, corticosteroids may be prescribed to rapidly reduce inflammation. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are effective but prolonged use can lead to serious side effects, so doses and duration of treatment are carefully monitored by doctors.
For patients with more severe symptoms or when the disease affects vital organs such as the kidneys, immunosuppressive drugs are introduced. Drugs such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and azathioprine inhibit the immune system, which helps to control inflammation. Hydroxychloroquine, a drug originally used to treat malaria, is also commonly used to treat SLE, as it can reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent flares.
Modern biologic therapies, such as belimumab, target specific immune system proteins and can be used in patients who do not respond to traditional treatments. Belimumab is one of the first biologic drugs approved for the treatment of SLE and has shown efficacy in reducing the number of disease flares and improving patients' overall health.
In addition to pharmacotherapy, maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important. Patients should avoid sun exposure, use high UV sunscreen and wear protective clothing. Regular physical activity can help maintain joint and muscle health and improve mood. Taking care of a healthy diet, rich in vitamins and minerals, and avoiding stress also support coping. Psychological support and participation in support groups can be helpful in dealing with the emotional aspects of the disease, which is important for improving the quality of life of SLE patients.
Healthy lifestyle in the treatment of SLE
A healthy lifestyle supports the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Regular physical activity is extremely important as it helps maintain joint and muscle health, improves blood circulation and supports the immune system. Moderate-intensity exercise, such as walking, swimming or yoga, can also reduce stress and improve mood, which is important for people struggling with chronic illness. However, it is important that physical activity is tailored to the patient's capabilities and health status, and that any new forms of exercise are consulted with a doctor.
An adequate diet also supports the management of SLE. Eating balanced meals rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants strengthens the immune system and relieves inflammation. It is recommended to avoid processed foods, excess salt, sugar and saturated fats. Instead, it is advisable to include vegetables, fruit, whole-grain cereals, lean proteins and healthy fats such as those contained in fish, nuts and olive oil in your diet. In addition, regular hydration and limiting alcohol and caffeine intake can have a positive impact on the kidney health and overall wellbeing of SLE patients.