Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes a gradual decline in cognitive function, memory and the ability to perform everyday activities independently. Early recognition of its symptoms allows appropriate therapeutic measures to be taken and improves the quality of life of the patient and their loved ones. Being aware of what the first symptoms of Alzheimer's disease look like can be a valuable guide in determining when there is a need to consult a doctor.
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, responsible for 60-70% of all cases. Its hallmark is the deposition of a protein substance - beta-amyloid - and tau protein in the brain, which leads to the atrophy of neurons and damage to the connections between them. The result of this process is impaired memory, thinking, orientation and the ability to function independently. The disease usually affects people over the age of 65, but can also occur in younger people, although this is much rarer.
The onset of Alzheimer's disease is gradual and subtle, and its first symptoms can be easily overlooked. The early stages of the disease can last for several years, during which time both the patient and their loved ones may be unaware of the seriousness of the situation. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more apparent, affecting the patient's daily life. It is worth remembering that Alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of the ageing process, and its symptoms go beyond the typical forgetfulness that can affect older people.
Recognising Alzheimer's disease in its early stages is extremely important to slow down its progression and to provide adequate support to the patient and their loved ones. A quick diagnosis can enable the implementation of therapies and strategies that can improve the patient's quality of life. This is why it is important to pay attention to the first symptoms and consult a doctor if worrying signs appear.
Memory problems and forgetfulness
One of the most characteristic early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is memory problems that go beyond the typical age-related forgetfulness. People in the early stages of the disease often have difficulty remembering newly learned information, important dates, events or tasks to be completed. They may repeat the same questions or statements many times in quick succession, forgetting that they have already said it.
Other symptoms may include difficulty recalling the names of loved ones or recent events, and getting lost in familiar places. If you or someone close to you notices similar memory problems, it is worth consulting your doctor to rule out other possible causes and to initiate appropriate diagnostic tests.
Changes in thinking and decision-making
Alzheimer's disease not only affects memory, but also the ability to think logically and make decisions. People with the early stages of the disease may have difficulty with tasks that require sequential planning, such as preparing meals according to a recipe or driving a car. Patients may also have difficulty understanding abstract concepts such as numbers or time, as well as problems concentrating and focusing.
As the disease progresses, problems with decision-making may become more pronounced. People with the condition may have difficulty choosing appropriate clothing for the weather, recognising hazards in the environment or making decisions about everyday purchases. These symptoms may be confused with the normal aging process, but their severity and frequency should prompt consultation with a doctor.
Difficulties in daily activities
The early stages of Alzheimer's disease can also manifest as difficulties in performing routine tasks that were previously simple and natural. Affected individuals may struggle to complete familiar tasks at home, at work or in their leisure time. A reduced ability to perform complex tasks, such as driving a car or operating electronic devices, can be a warning sign.
Another symptom may be difficulty organising and planning the day. People with early-stage Alzheimer's may forget regular appointments, doctor's appointments or daily chores. They may have trouble preparing a shopping list and remembering what they need to buy, leading them to return to the shop repeatedly for the same items.
Changes in mood and personality
Alzheimer's disease can affect the mood and personality of the sufferer. Early symptoms may include depression, apathy, loss of interest in previous passions and social withdrawal. People with Alzheimer's may become more irritable, anxious, worried or suspicious.
Changes in mood may also manifest as sudden outbursts of anger, frustration at the difficulty of performing everyday tasks and confusion in new or stressful situations. The symptoms may be difficult for the sufferer themselves to notice, but are usually clear to their loved ones.
Early changes in personality may take the form of increased irritability, impatience or aggression. People with Alzheimer's disease may overreact to situations that were previously neutral to them. They may become more suspicious of loved ones, often accusing them of stealing or cheating without reason.
Mood changes can also include extreme fluctuations, from euphoria to depression. People affected by Alzheimer's disease may have difficulty controlling their emotions, which can lead to unpredictable behaviour. Often these changes are most noticeable to loved ones, who may notice that the patient is starting to become increasingly different from their former self.